Florence’s Cathedral Uncovered: A Guide to the Duomo and Its Dome

The Florence Duomo, officially known as the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, is one of Italy’s greatest architectural achievements and a must-see for anyone exploring the top things to do in Florence. With its striking red-tiled dome, richly decorated marble façade, and commanding presence in the city skyline, it offers a mix of Renaissance engineering, Gothic beauty, and deep historical significance.

This guide covers what to see, how to plan your visit, and tips to make the most of your time at this incredible landmark.

What Is the Florence Duomo?

The Duomo is the main cathedral of Florence and one of the largest churches ever built. Construction began in 1296 and was completed in 1436 with the addition of Brunelleschi’s dome, a pioneering work of Renaissance engineering.

The cathedral is part of a broader complex in Piazza del Duomo, which includes Giotto’s Bell Tower, the Baptistery of San Giovanni, the Opera del Duomo Museum, and the Santa Reparata Crypt. Together, these sites make up one of the most important cultural areas in Italy and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

A Brief History

The original design was created by Arnolfo di Cambio, who laid out the Gothic floor plan and façade. Construction passed through the hands of several architects before Filippo Brunelleschi took over in the 15th century to complete the massive dome. At the time, it was the largest masonry dome ever built, and it remains so today.

The façade, however, remained unfinished for centuries. It was completed in the 19th century by Emilio De Fabris, who used green, white, and red marble to match the adjacent bell tower and baptistery.

Architectural Highlights

Brunelleschi’s Dome

Brunelleschi’s dome was an engineering feat that changed architectural history. Built without scaffolding, the dome consists of two shells supported by brick laid in a herringbone pattern. The inner shell carries the weight, while the outer shell gives it its famous silhouette.

Visitors can climb 463 steps to the top for panoramic views of Florence. Along the way, you can see the interior frescoes of The Last Judgment, painted by Giorgio Vasari and Federico Zuccari.

Façade and Exterior

The front of the cathedral is richly decorated with statues, mosaics, and rose windows. The three large bronze doors feature scenes from the life of the Virgin Mary, and above them are detailed mosaics designed by Niccolò Barabino. The façade was completed in 1887 and stands in harmony with Giotto’s Bell Tower and the Baptistery.

Interior

In contrast to the ornate exterior, the cathedral’s interior is spacious and relatively bare, reflecting the influence of religious reformers like Girolamo Savonarola. Important features include stained-glass windows by Donatello and Ghiberti, the silver shrine of Saint Zanobius, and The Last Judgment frescoes that cover over 38,000 square feet of the dome’s ceiling.

What to See in the Duomo Complex

Florence Cathedral

Entry to the cathedral is free, though lines can be long. Once inside, visitors can explore the nave, view the dome from below, and see various stained-glass windows and religious artworks.

Climb Brunelleschi’s Dome

This is one of the top things to do in Florence. Access is through the Porta della Mandorla on the cathedral’s north side. The climb involves tight staircases and no elevator, but the views at the top are worth the effort. Tickets must be booked in advance with a specific time slot.

Baptistery of San Giovanni

Older than the cathedral itself, the baptistery is famous for its mosaic ceiling and bronze doors. The Gates of Paradise, sculpted by Lorenzo Ghiberti, are among the most famous works of art in Florence. A visit takes about 15 minutes and requires a ticket.

Giotto’s Bell Tower

Located next to the cathedral, this 278-foot-tall tower can be climbed for stunning views over the city and the dome. The climb includes 414 steps and several viewing platforms.

Opera del Duomo Museum

This museum showcases original sculptures and architectural models from the Duomo complex. It also contains the original Gates of Paradise, the Pietà Bandini by Michelangelo, and a full-scale model of the original façade. The museum also has a terrace with a great view of the dome.

Santa Reparata Crypt

Beneath the cathedral, the crypt reveals the remains of the earlier church of Santa Reparata and Roman structures. Brunelleschi’s tomb is also located here. It’s a fascinating stop for those interested in the layers of history under Florence.

Duomo Terraces

Only accessible via guided tours, the terraces offer a close-up view of the cathedral’s exterior and a unique perspective on the dome and the city.

Opening Hours

• Cathedral: Monday to Saturday, generally from 10:15 am to 3:45 pm. Closed on Sundays and major religious holidays.
• Dome: Varies slightly, generally opens daily between 8:15 am and 6:45 pm.
• Baptistery: Daily from around 8:30 am to 7:30 pm.
• Bell Tower: Daily, usually 8:15 am to 6:45 pm.
• Museum and Crypt: Typically open from 8:30 am to 7:00 pm. Closed on Christmas, New Year’s Day, Easter, and 8 September.

Always check official websites for updated hours and closures.

Tickets and Passes

• Cathedral entry: Free, but expect long lines.
• Dome, bell tower, baptistery, museum, and crypt: Require a ticket.

Ticket Options

• Ghiberti Pass (€15): Includes baptistery, museum, and crypt
• Giotto Pass (€20): Adds bell tower access
• Brunelleschi Pass (€30): Includes everything, including the dome climb. Highly recommended

Book tickets online in advance, especially for the dome, which requires a timed reservation and often sells out days ahead.

Getting There

The Florence Duomo is located in Piazza del Duomo, the city’s main square. The area is pedestrian-only, so walking is the best way to reach it. Florence’s Santa Maria Novella Station is about a 10-minute walk from the cathedral.

There is no metro system in Florence, and buses do not run directly into the square.

Best Times to Visit

• Early mornings or late afternoons are best for fewer crowds
• Midweek visits tend to be quieter than weekends
• Low season (November to March) offers smaller crowds and lower prices
• Peak season (April to September) sees large crowds and longer lines, so book ahead

Tips for Your Visit

• Wear clothing that covers shoulders and knees if entering the cathedral or baptistery
• Photography is allowed without flash or tripods
• Bring water and wear supportive shoes, especially if climbing
• There is no elevator for the dome or bell tower, so climbs may not be suitable for everyone
• Expect to spend between 2 to 5 hours if visiting the full complex

Nearby Attractions

Florence’s city center is compact and walkable, making it easy to explore several major sights in one day. Within walking distance:

• Uffizi Gallery
• Ponte Vecchio
• Piazza della Signoria
• Palazzo Vecchio
• Accademia Gallery (home of Michelangelo’s David)
• Santa Croce Basilica

Frequently Asked Questions

Is the Florence Cathedral free to visit?
Yes. Entry to the main cathedral is free. However, tickets are needed for the dome, bell tower, and other sites.

How do I book tickets for the dome?
Buy the Brunelleschi Pass online in advance. You’ll choose a time slot during purchase.

Can I climb both the dome and the bell tower?
Yes, but they require separate climbs. The dome is 463 steps, the bell tower is 414.

Is there a dress code?
Yes. Shoulders and knees must be covered to enter the cathedral and baptistery.

Are guided tours available?
Yes. Several options include group, private, and skip-the-line tours. Some allow access to areas like the terraces, which are otherwise restricted.

How long should I plan for a full visit?
Plan for 4 to 5 hours if visiting all parts of the complex. A shorter visit focusing on one or two areas takes about 2 hours.