Florence’s Cathedral Uncovered: A Guide to the Duomo and Its Dome

The Florence Duomo, formally known as the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, is one of Italy’s most important architectural landmarks. Situated in the heart of Florence, the Duomo dominates the city skyline with its iconic red-tiled dome and intricately decorated marble façade. If you’re compiling a list of essential things to do in Florence and beyond, a visit to Florence’s cathedral complex is worth the journey.

This guide covers the cathedral’s history, architectural features, visitor information, and practical tips for UK travellers.

What Is the Florence Duomo?

The Florence Duomo is the main cathedral of Florence and the third-largest church in the world at the time of its completion. Construction began in 1296, but it wasn’t structurally completed until 1436. Its most distinctive feature is Brunelleschi’s dome, a pioneering feat of Renaissance engineering. The Duomo is part of a wider complex that includes Giotto’s Bell Tower, the Baptistery of San Giovanni, the Opera del Duomo Museum, and the Santa Reparata Crypt.

A Brief History

Construction of the Duomo began under Arnolfo di Cambio in the Gothic style. After several interruptions, the cathedral was consecrated in 1436 following the completion of Brunelleschi’s dome. The exterior remained incomplete until the 19th century, when architect Emilio De Fabris designed the current marble façade in white, green, and red.

The cathedral stands on the site of Santa Reparata, an earlier church that had become too small for Florence’s growing population. The old church was demolished as part of the new cathedral’s expansion, and its remains can still be visited in the crypt.

Architectural Highlights

Brunelleschi’s Dome

The dome was an engineering breakthrough. Brunelleschi used a double-shell design with over four million bricks and invented machines to lift the materials into place. The structure is entirely self-supporting, with no wooden scaffolding used during construction. At 114.5 metres high, it remains the largest masonry dome ever built.

Climbing the 463 steps to the top is one of the highlights of any visit. Along the way, visitors walk beneath frescoes of The Last Judgement, painted by Giorgio Vasari and later completed by Federico Zuccari.

Exterior and Façade

The Duomo’s façade was completed in 1887 and features intricate marble panels in green, pink, and white. Three bronze doors depict scenes from the life of the Madonna. Above them are mosaics and a rose window flanked by statues of the Apostles and busts of Florentine artists.

Interior

In contrast to its exterior, the interior of the Duomo is relatively bare, reflecting the influence of Girolamo Savonarola. Key artworks include frescoes, stained-glass windows by Donatello and Ghiberti, and the silver shrine of Saint Zanobius. The dome ceiling features Vasari’s 16th-century frescoes of The Last Judgement, covering over 3,600 square metres.

What to See in the Duomo Complex

Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore

Entry to the main cathedral is free and does not require a ticket. Expect queues, particularly in the morning. Once inside, admire the stained glass, the vast nave, and the dome frescoes from below.

Brunelleschi’s Dome

Advance booking is essential. The dome climb takes about 45 to 60 minutes. The entrance is on the cathedral’s north side at Porta della Mandorla. There is no lift, and the stairways can be narrow and steep.

Baptistery of San Giovanni

Located opposite the cathedral, the baptistery is famous for its mosaic ceiling and Gates of Paradise—bronze doors by Lorenzo Ghiberti. Entry requires a ticket.

Giotto’s Bell Tower

Climbing the 414 steps rewards visitors with views over the city and the dome. Several viewing terraces break up the climb. Entry requires a ticket.

Opera del Duomo Museum

One of Florence’s best museums, it holds original sculptures and artefacts from the complex. Highlights include Ghiberti’s original baptistery doors and a detailed exhibit on the dome’s construction.

Santa Reparata Crypt

Beneath the cathedral, the crypt contains archaeological remains of the earlier church and Roman structures. The tomb of Brunelleschi is also located here.

Duomo Terraces

Accessible only via guided tours, the terraces run along the side of the cathedral and offer a different perspective on the dome and city below.

Opening Hours

• Cathedral: Monday to Saturday, typically 10:15 am to 3:45 pm. Closed Sundays and major religious holidays.
• Brunelleschi’s Dome: Opens daily, with variations by day. Generally 8:15 am to 6:45 pm.
• Baptistery: Opens daily, hours range from 8:30 am to 7:30 pm.
• Giotto’s Bell Tower: Opens daily, usually 8:15 am to 6:45 pm.
• Museum and Crypt: Open daily with slight variations. Last entry is typically one hour before closing.

Always check official sources for current times before your visit.

Ticket Information

• Cathedral: Free entry, no booking required
• Brunelleschi’s Dome and other sites: Require a ticket or pass

Passes

• Ghiberti Pass (€15): Includes baptistery, museum, and crypt
• Giotto Pass (€20): Adds bell tower to the above
• Brunelleschi Pass (€30): Includes everything, including dome access. Highly recommended

Book online in advance, particularly for the dome climb, which has timed entry slots and often sells out days ahead.

How to Get There

The Duomo is located in Piazza del Duomo, Florence’s central square. It is within walking distance of major attractions, including the Uffizi Gallery and Ponte Vecchio. Florence does not have a metro, and the area is pedestrian-only. The closest railway station is Firenze Santa Maria Novella, a 10-minute walk away.

Best Time to Visit

• Early morning or late afternoon: Best for fewer crowds
• Mid-week: Quieter than weekends
• Off-season: November to March offers shorter queues and lower prices

Avoid weekends and midday if you prefer a more relaxed experience.

Tips for Your Visit

• Wear appropriate clothing: shoulders and knees must be covered inside the cathedral and baptistery
• Photography is allowed, but without flash or tripods
• Bring water and wear comfortable shoes if you’re climbing the dome or bell tower
• The dome and bell tower are not accessible for those with mobility issues
• Consider guided tours for in-depth insight or skip-the-line access

Nearby Attractions

Florence’s compact historic centre allows you to explore several landmarks on foot. Nearby sights include:

• Uffizi Gallery
• Piazza della Signoria
• Palazzo Vecchio
• Ponte Vecchio
• Accademia Gallery (home of Michelangelo’s David)
• Basilica of Santa Croce

Frequently Asked Questions

Is entry to the Florence Cathedral free?
Yes. Entry to the cathedral itself is free and does not require a ticket, but there is a queue for security.

Do I need a ticket to climb the dome?
Yes. You must purchase the Brunelleschi Pass in advance and book a time slot for the dome climb.

Are there any restrictions on clothing?
Yes. Visitors must cover their shoulders and knees when entering the cathedral and baptistery.

How long does it take to visit the Duomo complex?
You should plan for 2 to 5 hours, depending on how many parts of the complex you want to see.

Can I take photographs inside?
Photography is permitted, but flash and tripods are not allowed.

Is the dome climb difficult?
The climb involves 463 steps with no lift. It can be challenging due to narrow staircases but is manageable for most people in good health.

What is the best time to visit?
Weekday mornings or late afternoons are ideal. Avoid weekends and holidays for a quieter visit.